1/10/2023 0 Comments Chimera syndrome![]() Three forms of naturally occurring chimerism have been documented in humans: fetal and maternal microchimerism, blood group chimerism, and fusion chimerism. Although naturally occurring congenital human chimerism is thought to be relatively uncommon, advancements in genomic technology and increased access to genetic testing has led to the identification of more of these cases, begging questions about the actual prevalence of this form of chimerism. Human chimerism may occur by several means, either naturally, or artificially through organ or bone marrow transplantation. This is distinct from mosaicism, which results from postzygotic genetic mutations or nondisjunction events in a single zygote. In modern genetics, the term chimera refers to a single individual or organism with cell lines derived from two or more genotypically unique zygotes. The word itself has a long history of use in the life sciences, having originally been introduced in the early twentieth century by German botanist Hans Winkley, who is also credited with later coining the term “genome” in 1920. In Homer’s Iliad, the chimera is described as a creature “of divine stock, not of men, in the forepart a lion, in the hinder a serpent, and in the midst a goat”. Many know the term chimera from ancient Greek mythology. KeywordsĤ6,XX/46,XY chimerism human sexual development intersex disorders of sexual development 1. As more 46,XX/46,XY chimeric individuals with intersex traits or DSD are identified, the implications for their care will need to be clarified. The care of people with intersex traits or DSD (Disorders of Sexual Development) is controversial due in part to a history of unnecessary surgical intervention and power-imbalances between the intersex and medical communities. There is a large amount of phenotypic variability among 46,XX/46,XY chimeric individuals. Sex-chromosome discordant chimerism refers to individuals with both XX and XY cell lines. ![]() Fusion chimerism may occur through several means. Three forms of naturally occurring chimerism have been documented in humans: blood group chimerism, microchimerism, and fusion chimerism. Although rare, advancements in genetics and genomics have resulted in the identification of additional natural human chimeras. Human chimerism may occur naturally or artificially. The term chimera refers to an organism with cell lines from two or more distinct zygotes. This is an open access article distributed under the conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is correctly cited. 46,XX/46,XY Chimerism & Human Sexual Development. Recommended citation: Tate JW, O'Hara BF, Wei S. Received: Ap| Accepted: J| Published: June 15, 2022 O’HaraĪcademic Editors: Jaclyn Murry and Ying S. * Correspondences: Sainan Wei and Bruce F. † These authors contributed equally to this work. Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, USAĭepartment of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USAĭepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA This study provides guidance for intervention strategies that target receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2.ĭepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.Jason W. The differences among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and RaTG13 in ACE2 recognition shed light on the potential animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, we show that RaTG13, a bat coronavirus that is closely related to SARS-CoV-2, also uses human ACE2 as its receptor. These structural features of SARS-CoV-2 RBD increase its ACE2-binding affinity. In comparison with the SARS-CoV RBD, an ACE2-binding ridge in SARS-CoV-2 RBD has a more compact conformation moreover, several residue changes in the SARS-CoV-2 RBD stabilize two virus-binding hotspots at the RBD-ACE2 interface. Here we determined the crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (engineered to facilitate crystallization) in complex with ACE2. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV recognize the same receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-in humans 3,4. A key to tackling this pandemic is to understand the receptor recognition mechanism of the virus, which regulates its infectivity, pathogenesis and host range. Biologically Interesting Molecule Reference Dictionary (BIRD)Ī novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) recently emerged and is rapidly spreading in humans, causing COVID-19 1,2.
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